fa <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">The thesis of the theory-ladenness of observation claims that neutral, unbiased observation is impossible. Based on this thesis, some philosophers have inferred that facts&mdash;or more precisely, reality independent of mental influences&mdash;do not exist, and that human knowledge of the world is a social construct. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the theory-ladenness of observation necessarily entails a constructivist view, or whether it still allows us to speak about reality. To this end, the concepts of &quot;theory-ladenness of observation&quot; and &quot;constructivism&quot; will be clarified. It will then be argued that although the theory-ladenness of observation is acceptable, we are not compelled to adopt constructivism; rather, this thesis can provide an attractive framework for realist theses. Finally, some implications of this view for evaluating epistemological proposals will be indicated.</span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; 1001 1011 http://jpt.daneshafarand.org/browse.php?a_code=A--240-5&slc_lang=fa&sid=6 Habib Mamkarimmi 1003194753284600380551 1003194753284600380551 Yes Mehri Mortazavi 1003194753284600380552 1003194753284600380552 No