fa <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This article employs an analytical-historical method to examine the evolution of ethical criticism within the anti-theodicy school. It argues that this school has traversed a dynamic path from an initial protest against the theological justification of evil to the formulation of a concrete ethical-practical obligation. This transition is analyzed in four stages: first, the philosophical foundation laid by Phillips and the Wittgensteinians, critiquing the logical contradictions of theodicy; second, the ethical deepening of the critique through Surin&#39;s focus on radical evil and the concept of unforgivable moral blindness; third, the politicization of the critique in Tilley&#39;s thought, which presents theodicy as an ideological tool for justifying passivity; and fourth, the formulation of an alternative through Pihlstr&ouml;m&#39;s pragmatist framework, which shifts the central question from &quot;why?&quot; to &quot;what is to be done?&quot; This research demonstrates that the anti-theodicy school not only deems the traditional theodicy project invalid but also opens new horizons for a committed, pragmatist theology that stands in solidarity with the victims of evil.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; 1001 1012 http://jpt.daneshafarand.org/browse.php?a_code=A--240-6&slc_lang=fa&sid=6 Eisa Mohammadinia 1003194753284600380553 1003194753284600380553 Yes